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Artisanal Opal Mining in the Delanta Area of South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia

Received: 8 April 2025     Accepted: 23 April 2025     Published: 29 May 2025
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Abstract

Ethiopia's opal mining and market sectors grapple with multifaceted challenges due to insufficient engagement from governmental and private entities. Key issues include the absence of comprehensive mining practices, limited promotional efforts, and the reliance on rudimentary techniques without proper machinery. Additionally, the market chain fails to adequately benefit local miners, exacerbated by fluctuating prices and the presence of illegal traders, unpredictability of the opal supply chain due to geological uncertainties. Environmental and social concerns loom large, worsened by the lack of impact assessments and miners' disregard for conservation efforts, posing risks to health, safety, and ecosystem stability. Demand for opals is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including fashion trends, cultural inclinations, and economic conditions. Opal's historical appreciation for its fascinating play-of-color has cemented its status as a sought-after gemstone for jewelry and decorative purposes. Collaborative efforts are imperative to strengthen regulatory frameworks, improve promotional strategies, and foster sustainability in the sector. While mechanized mining offers efficiency gains, its implementation requires significant investment in equipment and infrastructure, primarily benefiting mining enterprises, establishing a centralized platform for grading opal at a designated location can streamline the process and foster a free-market system, attracting foreign investment and contributing to the country's economic development.

Published in Journal of Energy and Natural Resources (Volume 14, Issue 2)
DOI 10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12
Page(s) 29-37
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Beauty, Miners, Grade, Precious, Opal

References
[1] Assamen Ayalew Ejigua, Desalegn Gezahegn Ketemu, Sisay Awoke Endalew and Wudu YimerAssen, (2020). Challenges in Utilization of Precious Opal in Ethiopia: A Case Study from the Delanta Area, South Wollo, Ethiopia, Abyss. J. Sci. Technol. Vol. 5, No. 2, 14-21, Wollo University, Ethiopia.
[2] Alemu, M. G. (2018). Artisanal small-scale opal mining (ASOM) insecurity in the Delanta wereda, Ethiopia: The shifting landscape of multidimensional insecurity in the face of emergent ASOM wealth. African Security Review, 27(1), 61-87.
[3] Ayalew, D., & Gibson, S. A. (2009). Head-to-tail transition of the Afar mantle plume: Geochemical evidence from a Miocene bimodal basalt–rhyolite succession in the Ethiopian Large Igneous Province. Lithos, 112(3-4), 461-476.
[4] Bergman, J. (2015). Ethiopian opals: Facts, fears & fairytales. Gemology, 393-402, Retrieved from
[5] Boris ChauvirÉ; Benjamin Rondeau; Francesco Mazzero; Dereje Ayalew, (2017). The Precious Opal Deposit at Wegel Tena, Ethiopia: Formation VIA Successive Pedogenesis Events. The Canadian Mineralogist 55 (4): 701–723.
[6] Berhane Hailemariam, (2019). Revenues from opal exports have been declining for three years, Addis fortune, 20 (994)
[7] MoM, Ministry of mines, (2020), Gemstones, Web page accessed on Sep, 18 2024
[8] Borkena, (2024). Opal mining accident, no miners rescued after four days of search effort,
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[10] Van der Wal, Sanne and Haan, Esther de, (2010) Rough Cut: Sustainability Issues in the Coloured Gemstone Industry. Available at SSRN:
[11] GSE, (2009). Opportunities for Gem resource development in Ethiopia. Geological survey of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
[12] DeMaster, D. J. (2014). 9.4 - the diagenesis of biogenic silica: Chemical transformations occurring in the water column, seabed, and crust. In H. D. Holland & K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on geochemistry (2nd ed.) (pp. 103-111). Oxford: Elsevier.
[13] Dutkiewicz, A., Landgrebe, T. C., & Rey, P. F. (2015). Origin of silica and fingerprinting of Australian sedimentary opals. Gondwana Research, 27(2), 786-795.
[14] Filin, S., & Puzynin A. I, Alexander. (2009). Prevention of cracking in Ethiopian opal. The Australian Gemmologist, 23, 579-582.
[15] Githiria, J. M., & Onifade, M. (2020). The impact of mining on sustainable practices and the traditional culture of developing countries. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 10, 394–410.
[16] Johnson, M. L., Kammerling, R. C., DeGhionno, D. G., & Koivula, J. I. (1996). Opal from Shewa Province, Ethiopia. Gems and Gemology, 32(2), 112-120.
[17] Lynne, B., & Campbell, K. (2004). Morphologic and Mineralogic Transitions from Opal-A to Opal-CT in Low-Temperature Siliceous Sinter Diagenesis, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74, 561-579.
[18] Milliken, R. E., Swayze, G. A., Arvidson, R. E., Bishop, J. L., Clark, R. N., Ehlmann, B. L., & Weitz, C. (2008). Opaline silica in young deposits on Mars. Geology, 36(11), 847-850.
[19] Rondeau, B., Fritsch, E., Mazzero, F., Gauthier, J.- P., Bekele, E., & Gaillou, E. (2010). Play-of-Color Opal from Wegel Tena, Wollo Province, Ethiopia. Gems & Gemology, 46, 90-105.
[20] Thiry, M., Milnes, A. R., Rayot, V., & Simon CoinÇon, R. (2006). Interpretation of palaeo-weathering features and successive silicifications in the Tertiary regolith of inland Australia. Journal of the Geological Society, 163(4), 723-728.
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Genetu, M., Meseret, G., Mewa, G., Techane, G., Zeleke, S., et al. (2025). Artisanal Opal Mining in the Delanta Area of South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Energy and Natural Resources, 14(2), 29-37. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12

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    ACS Style

    Genetu, M.; Meseret, G.; Mewa, G.; Techane, G.; Zeleke, S., et al. Artisanal Opal Mining in the Delanta Area of South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia. J. Energy Nat. Resour. 2025, 14(2), 29-37. doi: 10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12

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    AMA Style

    Genetu M, Meseret G, Mewa G, Techane G, Zeleke S, et al. Artisanal Opal Mining in the Delanta Area of South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia. J Energy Nat Resour. 2025;14(2):29-37. doi: 10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12,
      author = {Mamaru Genetu and Getahun Meseret and Getnet Mewa and Gera Techane and Solomon Zeleke and Tatek Tadesse and Ephrem Tilahun and Meseret Aregahegn and Esubalew Yehualaw},
      title = {Artisanal Opal Mining in the Delanta Area of South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia
    },
      journal = {Journal of Energy and Natural Resources},
      volume = {14},
      number = {2},
      pages = {29-37},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jenr.20251402.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jenr.20251402.12},
      abstract = {Ethiopia's opal mining and market sectors grapple with multifaceted challenges due to insufficient engagement from governmental and private entities. Key issues include the absence of comprehensive mining practices, limited promotional efforts, and the reliance on rudimentary techniques without proper machinery. Additionally, the market chain fails to adequately benefit local miners, exacerbated by fluctuating prices and the presence of illegal traders, unpredictability of the opal supply chain due to geological uncertainties. Environmental and social concerns loom large, worsened by the lack of impact assessments and miners' disregard for conservation efforts, posing risks to health, safety, and ecosystem stability. Demand for opals is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including fashion trends, cultural inclinations, and economic conditions. Opal's historical appreciation for its fascinating play-of-color has cemented its status as a sought-after gemstone for jewelry and decorative purposes. Collaborative efforts are imperative to strengthen regulatory frameworks, improve promotional strategies, and foster sustainability in the sector. While mechanized mining offers efficiency gains, its implementation requires significant investment in equipment and infrastructure, primarily benefiting mining enterprises, establishing a centralized platform for grading opal at a designated location can streamline the process and foster a free-market system, attracting foreign investment and contributing to the country's economic development.
    },
     year = {2025}
    }
    

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    T1  - Artisanal Opal Mining in the Delanta Area of South Wollo, Northern Ethiopia
    
    AU  - Mamaru Genetu
    AU  - Getahun Meseret
    AU  - Getnet Mewa
    AU  - Gera Techane
    AU  - Solomon Zeleke
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    AU  - Ephrem Tilahun
    AU  - Meseret Aregahegn
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    T2  - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
    JF  - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
    JO  - Journal of Energy and Natural Resources
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
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    AB  - Ethiopia's opal mining and market sectors grapple with multifaceted challenges due to insufficient engagement from governmental and private entities. Key issues include the absence of comprehensive mining practices, limited promotional efforts, and the reliance on rudimentary techniques without proper machinery. Additionally, the market chain fails to adequately benefit local miners, exacerbated by fluctuating prices and the presence of illegal traders, unpredictability of the opal supply chain due to geological uncertainties. Environmental and social concerns loom large, worsened by the lack of impact assessments and miners' disregard for conservation efforts, posing risks to health, safety, and ecosystem stability. Demand for opals is shaped by a complex interplay of factors, including fashion trends, cultural inclinations, and economic conditions. Opal's historical appreciation for its fascinating play-of-color has cemented its status as a sought-after gemstone for jewelry and decorative purposes. Collaborative efforts are imperative to strengthen regulatory frameworks, improve promotional strategies, and foster sustainability in the sector. While mechanized mining offers efficiency gains, its implementation requires significant investment in equipment and infrastructure, primarily benefiting mining enterprises, establishing a centralized platform for grading opal at a designated location can streamline the process and foster a free-market system, attracting foreign investment and contributing to the country's economic development.
    
    VL  - 14
    IS  - 2
    ER  - 

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